Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Congenital Myopathy-related Weakness

Lindqvist, J. 2014. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Congenital Myopathy-related Weakness. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 977. 45 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-8894-9. Congenital myopathies are a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases. They are primarily characterised by skeletal muscle weakness and disease-specific pathological features. They harshly limit ordinary life and in severe cases, these myopathies are associated with early death of the affected individuals. The congenital myopathies investigated in this thesis are nemaline myopathy and myofibrillar myopathy. These diseases are usually caused by missense mutations in genes encoding myofibrillar proteins, but the exact mechanisms by which the point mutations in these proteins cause the overall weakness remain mysterious. Hence, in this thesis two different nemaline myopathy-causing actin mutations and one myofibrillar myopathy-causing myosin-mutation found in both human patients and mouse models were used to investigate the cascades of molecular and cellular events leading to weakness. I performed a broad range of functional and structural experiments including skinned muscle fibre mechanics, small-angle X-ray scattering as well as immunoblotting and histochemical techniques. Interestingly, according to my results, point mutations in myosin and actin differently modify myosin binding to actin, cross-bridge formation and muscle fibre force production revealing divergent mechanisms, that is, gain versus loss of function (papers I, II and IV). In addition, one point mutation in actin appears to have muscle-specific effects. The presence of that mutant protein in respiratory muscles, i.e. diaphragm, has indeed more damaging consequences on myofibrillar structure than in limb muscles complexifying the pathophysiological mechanisms (paper II). As numerous atrophic muscle fibres can be seen in congenital myopathies, I also considered this phenomenon as a contributing factor to weakness and characterised the underlying causes in presence of one actin mutation. My results highlighted a direct muscle-specific up-regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (paper III). All together, my research work demonstrates that mutationand muscle-specific mechanisms trigger the muscle weakness in congenital myopathies. This gives important insights into the pathophysiology of congenital myopathies and will undoubtedly help in designing future therapies.